Liberal Socialism on the 12 Axes

Liberal socialism draws on John Stuart Mill's late writings on cooperatives and found its classic statement in Carlo Rosselli's Socialismo liberale (1930). Rosselli founded the antifascist movement Giustizia e Libertà in Paris and was murdered in France in 1937 by killers serving Mussolini's regime. In Italy, Guido Calogero developed a related liberalsocialismo, the Partito d'Azione carried it into the Resistance and Norberto Bobbio defended it after the war. Liberal socialists treat freedom as the goal and socialism as the means to give everyone real use of it. Compared with social democracy, they put civil liberties ahead of party and union structures. Compared with social liberalism, they push further toward equality and shared ownership.

• Social Liberalism 85%Social liberalism holds that individual freedom requires real opportunity, so it pairs a market economy and civil liberties with public education, healthcare and social insurance.
• Nordic Social Democracy 83%Nordic social democracy is the model of Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Finland: a market economy and free trade combined with universal welfare, high taxes and strong unions bargaining with employers.
• Market Socialism 81%Market socialism keeps markets to set prices and allocate goods, but places firms under social or worker ownership so that profits are shared instead of going to private investors.
• Social Libertarianism 81%Social libertarianism puts personal and civil freedom first, opposing state control of private life, while accepting some public services and economic fairness measures.