Bolivarian Socialism on the 12 Axes

Hugo Chávez, a former army officer who led a failed coup in 1992, won Venezuela's presidency in 1998 and passed a new constitution in 1999, naming his project after the independence hero Simón Bolívar. From 2005 he called it socialism of the twenty-first century. Oil revenue from the state company PDVSA funded social missions in health, literacy and housing, while the government nationalized key industries, created communal councils and formed the ALBA alliance with Cuba. Under Nicolás Maduro, in power since 2013, Venezuela has gone through hyperinflation, the emigration of millions and elections that the opposition and many foreign governments did not recognize. Compared with left-wing populism, it is openly socialist and gives the armed forces a central role. Compared with state socialism, it keeps elections and a private sector.

• Peronism 82%Peronism is the Argentine movement founded by Juan Domingo Perón on social justice, economic independence and political sovereignty, with strong unions, state-led industry and a Third Position between capitalism and communism.
• State Socialism 80%State socialism holds that the government should own the main industries and plan the economy, using a strong central state as the main tool for reaching social equality.
• Left-Wing Populism 78%Left-wing populism frames politics as a struggle between ordinary people and a wealthy elite, and calls for redistribution, public services and national control over the economy.
• Varguism 74%Varguism is the political legacy of Getúlio Vargas in Brazil: a strong central state, labor laws with state-linked unions, economic nationalism and the authoritarian Estado Novo of 1937 to 1945.