Right-Wing Populism on the 12 Axes

Right-wing populism claims to speak for a 'real people' against political, cultural and economic elites. It grew strongly from the 1980s and especially after 2008, with parties and leaders such as Jean-Marie and Marine Le Pen in France, Viktor Orbán in Hungary, Donald Trump in the United States, Jair Bolsonaro in Brazil and Brexit campaigners in Britain. Common themes are national sovereignty, distrust of international bodies, limits on immigration, tariffs to protect domestic industry, and law and order. It works through elections and referendums. Compared with Conservatism, it is more nationalist, more hostile to free trade and more willing to attack established institutions. Compared with Fascism, it competes in multiparty elections rather than seeking a one-party state.

• Conservatism 80%Conservatism seeks to preserve traditional institutions, religion, family and national identity, supporting markets, strong defense and public order while resisting rapid social change.
• Reactionarism 73%Reactionarism seeks to reverse modern political and social changes and restore an earlier order, often with hierarchy, religion and inherited authority in place of democracy.
• Paleoconservatism 71%Paleoconservatism is a traditionalist American right that stresses nation, religion, local communities and heritage, opposing mass immigration, free trade agreements and foreign military intervention.
• Monarchism 69%Monarchism supports a hereditary monarch as head of state, seeing the crown as a source of continuity, national unity and legitimacy that stands above party politics.