Eco-Socialism on the 12 Axes

Eco-socialism developed from the 1970s onward as ecologists and Marxists found common ground. Writers such as James O'Connor, John Bellamy Foster, Joel Kovel and Michael Löwy argued that Marx's own idea of a 'metabolic rift' between society and nature explains the environmental crisis, and the Ecosocialist Manifesto of 2001 set out a shared program. Eco-socialists call for public control of energy and transport, an end to fossil fuels, local and seasonal production, shorter working hours and, in many versions, degrowth in wealthy countries. They are more skeptical of industrial expansion than classical Marxism or Leninism, which praised rising productivity, and more committed to planning and collective ownership than green liberals. Unlike anarcho-primitivism, they keep modern medicine and science and aim to redirect technology, not abandon it.

• Democratic Socialism 76%Democratic socialism aims to replace capitalism with social ownership of the economy, reached and governed through elections, civil liberties and multiparty democracy instead of revolution or one-party rule.
• De Leonism 75%De Leonism is a form of Marxism developed by Daniel De Leon that seeks socialism through a peaceful election victory combined with industrial unions that take over and run the economy.
• Libertarian Socialism 74%Libertarian socialism is a broad family of ideas that combines social ownership of the economy with radical democracy and personal freedom, rejecting both capitalism and authoritarian state socialism.
• Anarcho-Communism 72%Anarcho-communism seeks a stateless, classless society where land, workplaces and goods are held in common and shared by the rule 'from each according to ability, to each according to need'.